<p>Main Street Commercial Historic District is a historic district in Reedsburg, Wisconsin that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Main Street began as "Shanty Row", consisting of five tamarack shanties built in 1850. Over the next 10 years, the shanties were either destroyed or removed, and Main Street took their place. The Chicago & North Western Railway (C&NW) arrived in 1872, bringing with it many businesses and industries. One of the most important was the Reedsburg Woolen Mill, which was built in 1882 along the Baraboo River.</p><br>
<p>Blakeley, near Charles Town, West Virginia is also known as the Washington - Chew - Funkhouser House, and was built in 1820 by John Augustine Washington II, great-nephew of George Washington and grandson of John Augustine Washington. It is a contemporary of its neighbor, Claymont Court, built across Bullskin Run by John&#39;s brother, Bushrod Corbin Washington. John Washington did not attempt to match the grandeur of Claymont Court, as he was in line to inherit Mount Vernon, and did so in 1829.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>When it was originally built, Blakeley was a Federal style two-story brick house, three bays wide, with a western wing and a one-story portico. Renovations in the 1940s changed it to a five-bay structure, with a new Doric two-story portico and an elliptical transom over the front door. The interior of the main house has eight rooms with a central hallway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Upon John Augustine Washingtons death at Mount Vernon in 1832, his son, Richard Blackburn Washington, inherited Blakeley. In 1844 Richard married his cousin, Christian Washington of Harewood. In 1859, Richard was part of the posse that pursued John Browns Raiders. After the death of Richards brother John Augustine Washington III in 1861 while fighting for the Confederacy, Johns eight orphaned children came to live at Blakeley, joining Richard and Christian Washington&#39;s seven. In 1864 Blakeley was extensively damaged by fire, but was rebuilt by Richard. In 1875 Richard was forced to sell Blakeley and moved with his family to Harewood.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by Louise Fontaine Washington Chew, the niece of Richard B. Washington. Chew&#39;s husband, Colonel R. Preston Chew was a local businessman, the president of the Charles Town Mining, Manufacturing and Improvement Company. The house was then sold in 1892 to John Burns, a local farmer and community leader.</p><br>
<p>Blakeley was purchased in 1943 by industrialist Raymond J. Funkhouser, who undertook its restoration. Funkhouser had also purchased Claymont Court, which he used as his residence. It was Funkhouser who, feeling that a Washington house should be more grand, and wishing to complement Claymont Court, added the two-story portico. The interior was more carefully renovated, and in keeping with the historical record.</p><br>
<p>Little Fork Church stands on a low knoll to the east of State Route 229 nine miles north of Culpeper, Virginia in a small grove of trees that enhances its naturally pastoral setting. The name Little Fork is taken from the junction of the Hazel and Rappahannock Rivers relatively close to the edifice. It is a large room church being 83 feet east–west and 33 feet north–south. Unlike most rectangular churches in Virginia, the pulpit stands directly north of the southern entrance door that is placed in the middle of the southern wall rather than in the far southeast of the building. Thus it shows some of the architectural characteristics of middle colony meeting houses such as those in Delaware as well as the Virginia Vernacular Church and the deep church.</p><br>
<h2>Parish affiliation</h2><br>
<p>Following the British retreat from Virginia this colonial church was abandoned by the Anglicans. Located in the area known as the Village Of Oak Shade, it was used by Methodists and referred to as Oak Shade Church. Descendants still living in the Culpeper and Rappahannock area continue to refer to the church as the "Oak Shade Church". The Oak Shade Church had a cemetery where burials were performed in the early 1800s, that can no longer be located on church grounds. When the Methodist congregation offered to renovate the decaying building, ownership was then reclaimed by the Episcopalians. A full-scale renovation took place in the 1970s, including relocation of the memorial to the local Little Fork Rangers cavalry unit, to the side yard of the church.</p><br>
<p>It was attached to St. Mark&#39;s Parish that, like most early parishes in Virginia, changed its suzerainty and geographic range as counties became established by partitioning earlier counties due to population growth or shifts. Its creation and history are:</p><br>
<p>St. Marks Parish formed from St. Georges Parish 1730-31</p><br>
<p>St. Thomass Parish in Orange County partitioned from St. Marks Parish in 1740</p><br>
<p>Culpeper County formed out of Orange County in 1748</p><br>
<p>Little Fork was a chapel of ease for the parish, and thus was never the lower, or main, parish church. It is the only remaining colonial church in the county.</p><br>
<h2>General architecture</h2><br>
<p>It is a church of late construction, begun in 1773 and completed in 1776, having characteristics of a rectangular church combined with the contemporary, two story churches of Northern Virginia that stretch in a geographic swath from Falls Church to St. Pauls, King George County. It retains elements such as orientation, south and west doorways, compass windows, and Flemish bond, yet includes elements such as a deep church configuration, a hipped roof, movement of southern door to the center of the southern wall, classical door pediments, and a pulpit on the northern wall opposite the southern doorway. It lacks elements of deep churches in Northern Virginia such as two tiered windows and cruciform structure. The general doorway plan and placement of the pulpit is remarkably similar to that of Lambs Creek Church, designed by the same architect, and resembles several extant middle colony meeting houses.</p><br>
<p>Unlike most colonial churches, the designer and builder, John Ariss (circa 1725–1799) is known and designed another similar religious edifice, Lamb&#39;s Creek Church, he was also retained in the restoration of other colonial churches and colonial Williamsburg.</p><br>
<p>It derives its name, Little Fork, from the junction of the Hazel and Rappahannock Rivers that are nearby.</p><br>
<h3>Virtual Tour</h3><br>
<p>Take a walk both inside and out at using the Google Maps 360 Photo Path Click the Pegman to show all 360 photo locations.</p><br>
<h3>Bricks</h3><br>
<p>The bricks are laid in Flemish bond both in the water table and the walls and show occasional use of glazed brick in both headers and stretchers. The walls are 22" thick. Queen closers and rubbed brick are present at the corners, compass windows, and doorways. The transition from the water table to the walls is via an ovolo, or convex, molded brick. It is a large, deep church as already stated, approaching the limit of audibility in its 83-foot length. The modillion cornice, large toothed decorated eaves, are probably of colonial origin.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior, destroyed during the Civil War by Union Cavalry for firewood, was restored in 1871 and 1976. The last restoration is a painstakingly accurate restoration of the original interior. It consists of box pews painted colonial blue-green with dark wood tops, the original reredos on the eastern wall, and a lectern under the "wine-glass" pulpit high on the north-central wall, directly opposite the southern doorway. In 1963, Rawlings reported a plaster line indicating that the original wainscoting was taller than that installed in the nineteenth century restoration. This is apparently corrected in the recent repairs. The elaborate reredos contains a central tablet bearing the Lords Prayer, the Decalogue, and the Apostles Creed in modern gold lettering on a black background. The cornice and cross are modern additions rather than colonial features. The box pews were constructed to keep out winter drafts, and parishioners used foot warmers during winters. The flat wooden ceiling is a restoration as are most of the floorboards; Rawlings believes the floor was originally lower than the present level.</p><br>
<h3>Windows and doorways</h3><br>
<p>The 8 8" tall windows are of typical compass style with round arches of voussiors, rubbed brick, and queen closers. There are fourteen compass windows in all. These windows, located on the south, east, and north are identical, while the two windows on the west wall are small rectangular openings with flat arches, characteristic of openings for galleries in other churches. There is no evidence for a western gallery in this church (as in its sister church, Lambs Creek, that lacks the western windows entirely). The doorways are most likely not the original form: the church probably had classical pediments like Pohick Church or Lambs Creek Church as evidenced by brick repairs surrounding the doors. The original door openings were approximately 6 7" wide, and the southern entrance was probably the main one. The doorways themselves are also not of colonial age.</p><br>
<h2>Historical events</h2><br>
<p>The Little Fork Rangers, Co. D, 4th Virginia Cavalry drilled at the church in 1861 and, as already mentioned, a stable for Union cavalry in 1863 when the interior was destroyed. A "contrite Union officer" reputedly sent $100 to the church after the war to replace the destroyed pews. A memorial to the Little Fork Rangers stands south of the church. There were no colonial graves near the present church, although there seems to be the start of a memorial garden cemetery to the east of the building among a copse of small trees. Several Spindle family members were buried here in the early 1800s. Small cedar trees sporadically surround the church that is embellished by lawn encircling it.</p><br>
<p>The Clayton-Cedarmere Estates are located in Roslyn Harbor, New York, United States, listed jointly on the National Register of Historic Places & New York State Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Clayton – the bulk of the property – is the large landscaped Bryce/Frick estate, now home to the Nassau County Museum of Art. Cedarmere – the smaller of the two – is William Cullen Bryant&#39;s estate, currently undergoing interior renovation, is located on the west side of Bryant Avenue; overlooking Hempstead Harbor, now a historic house museum. The grounds are open to the public. The two combined properties, with input from several notable architects, illustrate the development of estates on the North Shore of Long Island over a period of nearly a century.</p><br>
<p>Bryant originally owned almost the entire property. Fifteen years after Bryant&#39;s death, in 1893, Lloyd Bryce bought the largely undeveloped inland portion of the estate and hired Ogden Codman, Jr. to design a mansion for it. In 1919, the dying Henry Clay Frick purchased the estate for his son Childs, who, after renovating it and expanding it, lived there with his family until his 1965 death. Four years later, it was turned over to the county for use as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Estates</h2><br>
<p>All of Cedarmere and most of Clayton were part of Bryant&#39;s original purchase. After his descendants sold all but the area around Cedarmere to the Bryces, they and the Fricks made some other additions as well.</p><br>
<h3>Cedarmere</h3><br>
<p>Cedarmere is located behind a high stone wall on a 7 acre parcel along Bryant Ave., Roslyn Harbor, with two small ponds and a landscape designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. Its main house is a three-bay, -story main block with two wings: a two-story multi-bay structure to the east and a smaller, single-story section to the north. All are covered in slate gambrel roofs, fenestrated with trimmed gabled dormers. Window shapes vary throughout the facades. The house is faced with stucco, except for the visible stone foundation. A green glass-and-metal conservatory protrudes from the front, and a porch wraps around all but the north side.</p><br>
<p>A single-bay entrance pavilion projects onto the south porch, overlooking the larger pond and its stone bridge. It is topped with a railed balcony. The doorway is heavily ornamented with classical molded surround, pilasters, sidelights, entablature and leaded transom. The south elevation also has solid and latticework supports with decorated balusters and brackets.</p><br>
<p>At the other edge of the main houses pond is a small Gothic Revival building known as the Mill, although it was never used as such and remains purely decorative, used mainly for storage. Its brick basement gives way to a board-and-batten first floor, with heavy surface decoration, and then to a slate-covered cross-gabled roof with decorated bargeboards and filials, topped by a brick chimney. The windows have been trimmed with arches of various shapes and other decorative touches. The main side window has W C B (William Cullen Bryants initial) etched in the top panes.</p><br>
<p>Other outbuildings include a small greenhouse south of the garden and two more modern garages to the north, some distance from the house. The latter two are the only improvements to the property not considered contributing.</p><br>
<h3>Clayton</h3><br>
<p>Clayton&#39;s property begins across Bryant from Cedarmere, but its main entrance is located on Northern Blvd. (NY 25A). The drive up, after passing a hipped-roofed brick Neoclassical gatehouse to what is now the museum takes visitors through some of the pastorally landscaped 165 acres (66 ha) that make up the center of Roslyn Harbor. The main house sits on a high plateau, surrounded by plantings and a modern parking lot. It is a Georgian Revival building, brick with stone trim and copper hipped roof, pierced by-gabled dormers, its eaves lined with modillions above a stone entablature.</p><br>
<p>The main block is two and a half stories high and nine bays wide. On both end there are symmetrical, two-bay pavilions outlined in quoins. The front facade has a five-bay open porch with Ionic columns and a flat roof, entablature and balustrade. The main entrance is a double door with semi-circular transom. On the east facade a series of round-arched French doors give access to the garden, topped by a balustraded balcony. Two one-story arcades wings project from it. The mansion&#39;s interior features much original woodwork and plaster.</p><br>
<p>Near the main house is a garden designed by Marian Coffin, with symmetrical plantings surrounding a central fountain. The remnants of a private zoo, primarily an old animal enclosure and tower. A narrow road leads to the Jerusha Dewey Cottage, originally built by Bryant for a friend of his and later used as a guest house, after extensive renovation by the Fricks. It is therefore a mixture of brick foundation, board-and-batten siding, slate roof and a mix of fenestration styles.</p><br>
<p>As at Cedarmere, two more modern buildings have been erected to support the property&#39;s current use as an art museum and sculpture garden. They are the only ones of the 11 buildings and structures at Clayton not considered contributing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property that became Cedarmere had been in use since the early days of local settlement in the 17th century. The earliest known house on it was built in 1787 by Richard Kirk, a Quaker farmer. Bryant bought a small house first built by Joseph Moulton in 1843 with the intent of establishing a retreat for himself from his job in the city as editor of the New York Evening Post, where he could contemplate nature and write his poetry. He expanded both the land and the house through the 1850s and 1860s into the present structure, following the then-popular principles of Andrew Jackson Downing and disciples like Calvert Vaux, who supposedly designed the mill house, calling for small Gothic Revival cottages, sometimes in a Picturesque mode, that maintained harmony with their rural surroundings. At Cedarmere, as he later named the property, he received not only Vaux and his sometime collaborator Frederick Law Olmsted, but other cultural notables of the era such as painter Thomas Cole, James Fenimore Cooper and actor Edwin Booth.</p><br>
<p>He sold it to his daughter Julia in 1875, as long as he was allowed to live the remainder of his life there; and he did, dying three years later. She in turn sold it to her nephew, Harold Godwin, in 1891. Eight years later, he sold the undeveloped property that became Clayton to Lloyd Bryce, a former congressman and heir to industrial fortunes.</p><br>
<p>The upper stories of Cedarmere were damaged considerably by a 1903 fire. On the other property, Bryce hired Codman, a young architect responsible for many seaside homes in the Northeast, to design the main house, and began creating gardens in the propertys northwest corner. The Fricks hired Charles Allom to modify the house for their use when they moved in 1919, renaming it Clayton, but Codmans design remains largely unchanged. Alloms main changes were the replacement of the original entrance loggia with the porch and, inside, creating a large entrance hall in keeping with the Fricks intention to emulate an English country house, a popular aspiration of wealthy Americans during the 1920s. To that end, Guy Lowell designed the gatehouse, and Marian Cruger Coffin designed the main garden a decade later.</p><br>
<p>Four years after Frick&#39;s death, in 1969, the family sold the estate to Nassau County for use as an art museum. In 1989 the county transferred control to a private foundation. The Godwin family continued living in Cedarmere until they, too, donated it to the county for use as a museum in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Cedarmere and Clayton today</h2><br>
<p>Both estates are open to the public. The grounds at Cedarmere are free and open year-round. The house is currently closed for interior restoration. The Mill underwent major restoration in 2013, under the supervision of the Roslyn Landmark Society, with funding from the Gerry Charitable Trust.</p><br>
<p>A grant from the New York State Environmental Protection Fund was used by Nassau County for major renovations and painting of the exterior of the House in Fall, 2013. The Friends and the Roslyn Landmark Society have contributed funds for additional interior and exterior renovations.</p><br>
<p>Visitors to Clayton must pay an entrance fee as well as parking; the museum is open every day except Mondays and holidays year-round.</p><br>
<p>The Ludwig and Christina Welk Homestead built in 1893 is an historic farm house located at 845 88th Street, South East in Strasburg, North Dakota. It is also known as the Lawrence Welk Birthplace, the Mike Welk Farm and ND SITS 32 EM 46. Here on March 11, 1903, noted American musician, accordionist, bandleader, and television impresario Lawrence Welk was born to Ludwig and Christina Welk, who were German-speaking Roman Catholics from Alsace-Lorraine by way of Odesa, Ukraine . On October 28, 1993, the homestead was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Lawrence Welk Birthplace, officially called the Ludwig and Christina Welk Farmstead, has been restored and is run by local volunteers including Lawrence Welk&#39;s niece Edna Schwab. Although Welk donated to other local efforts, surprisingly he specified that none of his money be used for the restoration of his birthplace.</p><br>
<p>Mosaic Dallas, formerly Fidelity Union Life Insurance Building, is a residential development in the City Center District of downtown Dallas, Texas, United States, adjacent to Thanks-giving Square. The complex is located at 300 North Akard Street, across the street from DART&#39;s Akard Station, which serves its, and light rail lines.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was originally home to the Fidelity Union Life Insurance Company. The first tower was built in 1952 and is 21 stories tall while the second, 21-story addition was constructed between 1959 and 1960.</p><br>
<p>Fidelity Union vacated the complex in 1985 and Texas Power & Light (TXU), the other major tenant, moved out in 1992. The complex remained vacant until Hamilton Properties Corporation bought it in 2004, rechristening it as The Mosaic, in honor of the thousands of green tiles that line the buildings&#39; facade. The renovation included construction of 440 apartments with interiors designed by three noted architects: Ike Isenhour, Stanley Ray, and MAA. The residences were opened to occupancy on 6 December 2007 and the ground floor featured a restaurant and fitness center.</p><br>
<p>The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>During the first few episodes of Dallas, the Fidelity Union Life building could be seen in the distance through a window while scenes played out regarding dealings and operations at oil/gas firm Ewing Oil.</p><br>
<p>Claymont Court, or simply Claymont, is a Georgian-style brick mansion, the grandest of several built near Charles Town, West Virginia for members of the Washington family. The current "Big House" was built in 1840 for Bushrod Corbin Washington, nephew of Supreme Court justice Bushrod Washington and grand-nephew of George Washington, to replace the 1820 main house on his plantation that burned in 1838.</p><br>
<p>In 1899 author Frank Stockton purchased the house and lived there until he died in 1902. In 1943, Claymont was bought by West Virginia industrialist Robert Joseph Funkhouser, who at the same time bought the adjacent Blakeley and Cedar Lawn, other Washington descendant houses and large properties. He combined the properties into a 7,000 acre estate.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 John G. Bennett purchased Claymont to create an intentional community. It is currently used as a retreat center by the Claymont Society for Continuous Education.</p><br>
<h2>Washington Family era</h2><br>
<p>In the 1700s, the 300 acre plot of land on which Claymont stands was owned by John Augustine Washington, the brother of George Washington. With the labor of enslaved people under his control, George Washington developed the Bullskin Plantation, the first property he ever owned, a few miles southwest of the Claymont property.</p><br>
<p>In 1811, George Washington&#39;s grand-nephew Bushrod Corbin Washington inherited the land, having reached the legal age of 21, and about a decade later had 90 enslaved people build a thirty-four room mansion there. At about the same time, his slightly older brother, John Augustine Washington III, built the Blakeley mansion about 600 yards away and facing Claymont. The two brothers married daughters from the Blackburn family and raised their own families directly across from each other in the Blakeley and Claymont mansions.</p><br>
<p>Bushrod finished building Claymont in 1820 for $30,000 (~$ in ), a massive sum at the time. The house became known as "Bushrods folly." At completion, it was the largest house in the area, and with later additions would become the largest house in West Virginia at 16,000 ft&sup2; with 59 rooms and 25 fireplaces. Claymont may also be the northernmost example of the Virginia Plantation Style mansion; it had wings, courtyards, and dependencies. Claymont burned down in 1838. Bushrod had recently departed for Richmond, where he was serving his first week as an assemblyman in the Virginia House of Delegates. The fire is believed to have started in the fireplace of the mansions basement kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The central part of the mansion was completely rebuilt in 1840, and the remainder restored. Bushrod died in 1851, leaving Claymont to his son Thomas Blackburn Washington. Thomas died in 1854, leaving the estate to his eldest son Bushrod Corbin Washington II.</p><br>
<p>The Civil War was devastating to the Washington family, many of whom fought for the Confederacy, and others took refuge at Claymont. During the war, Bushrod C. Washington enlisted in the 2nd Virginia Infantry and then the 12th Virginia Cavalry, both Confederate States Army units, and ended the war hospitalized in Charlottesville (though upon release he signed the required oath in Winchester and received a federal pardon in 1866). His younger brothers Sgt. George Washington died in battle in 1863, and his youngest brother James Cunningham Washington fought less formally under John Singleton Mosby, and was captured after conducting raids north into Kentucky and Ohio, and died in a Baltimore prison in 1865.</p><br>
<p>Both of the young men were captured in Claymont Court during Christmas furlough (holiday leave) by Union Army troops led by George Custer. As an example of the close history among some officers, he had been a roommate of one of the Washington men when they were both cadets at West Point military academy. The camps were rife with disease due to overcrowding and poor sanitation; people did not know how to handle these conditions. As punishment to Claymont estate for "harboring guerrillas", General Sheridan ordered all of the cattle driven off the land (except for one milch cow) and every fence surrounding the estate&#39;s Clay Mound farm burned down.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, the reconstructionist government demanded payment of back taxes for all of the years that the Washington family had paid taxes to the Confederacy rather than the Union. Like many other families, the Washington family were short on cash, struggling with agricultural decline, and could not pay the taxes. By 1871 the family was forced to sell Claymont estate for the modest sum of $10,000 (~$ in ) (a third of what it cost to build). Most of the family moved to the Pacific Northwest and the territory of Washington, which was not admitted as a state until 1889.</p><br>
<p>After the Washingtons vacated Claymont, the property changed hands a number of times. As the mansion and larger estate was unoccupied for a few years at a time, the property began to deteriorate due to reduced maintenance, and the farming operations halted. Claymont operated as a self-sustaining farm, differing from plantations in the deeper American South, which had been based on producing commodity crops. Claymont produced almost everything the inhabitants used. Before the Civil War, the owners held nearly one hundred enslaved people as well as a couple dozen free workers to accomplish all the work.</p><br>
<p>Because of Claymont&#39;s size, it was an expensive operation to keep up. The transition to the use of free labor, especially during decades of continuing decline in the agricultural market, made it difficult for owners to make enough revenue to keep the estate operational.</p><br>
<h2>Owners after the Washington Family</h2><br>
<p>After the Washingtons sold the property, there were a number of successive owners of Claymont:</p><br>
<p>1871-1886: Clement March</p><br>
<p>1886-1889: Charles Dawson</p><br>
<p>1889-1906: Frank R. Stockton</p><br>
<p>1906-1943: Col. S.J. Murphy</p><br>
<p>1943-1972: R.J. (Raymond Joseph) Funkhouser (1885-1965)</p><br>
<p>1972-1975: J. Glenn Brown</p><br>
<p>1975–present: The Claymont Society for Continuous Education</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Claymont Court is unusually large, and was particularly expensive, reputed to have cost $30,000 when constructed. The design may have been derived from an illustration in Robert Morriss Select Architecture:Being Regular Designs of Plans and Elevations Well Suited to Both Town and Country, published in 1755. The two-story brick house is arranged with a transverse hall, linking the houses wings with the main block.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Of the eight remaining Washington family homes in Jefferson County, Claymont is considered the grandest. At 16,000 ft&sup2, it is also the largest. In 1973, Claymont was added to the National Register of Historic Places, a US government list of buildings and structures deemed worthy of preservation.</p><br>
<p>Today, Claymont operates as a non-profit retreat center run by The Claymont Society for Continuous Education. Its members focus on the systematic philosophical and psychological teachings of John G. Bennett. While Bennett was alive, Claymont operated as a nine-month Fourth Way school focused on his specific teachings, which dealt with techniques of self-reflection, self-development, and spirituality, a systems discipline called Systematics, and achieving a sustainable relationship with nature. After Bennett died in December 1974, the nine-month basic course project continued for a few years under the direction of his students but was eventually discontinued.</p><br>
<p>Claymont was adapted to be used as a non-profit retreat center for many different spiritual groups, healthcare professionals, meditation groups, environmental groups, professional dancers, and more. Its residential rooms were retrofitted with showers; utilities were updated for hot water, electricity, natural gas, and Wi-Fi. The mansion proper serves as the retreat center.</p><br>
<p>The non-profit maintains a strong focus on organic farming, buying local, and sustainability. Claymont hosts WWOOFers to work on the grounds and help with local agriculture in exchange for free food and lodging. A nearby 450 ft cattle barn has been converted into a conference center. In addition, much of the estate grounds are currently maintained, including the front and rear mansion lawns. The old gardens, however, which were damaged in a storm, have proven too difficult to maintain. They are not in use.</p><br>
<p>The Claymont Society for Continuous Education advocates strongly for Claymont Courts continuing physical restoration. Claymont has received grant money for restoration through the, Save Americas Treasures, Jefferson County Commission, and individual donations. The Claymont Society works in tandem with the to lobby for continuing preservation grants.</p><br>
<p>Among recent restorations, the mansion has a completely rebuilt second-floor veranda, new support beams for the main ballroom, and new window seals and gutter systems. The mansion can still be considered under restoration, though it is fully operational with all utilities.</p><br>
<p>Claymont from Rear Lawn.jpgA wedding rehearsal on the rear terrace of the mansion</p><br>
<p>Claymont Foyer.jpgFoyer. The pine flooring of the house is of high tar content and thought to be termite resistant.</p><br>
<p>Claymont Dining Room.jpgA view of the main dining room</p><br>
<p>Claymont Dependencies.jpgThe sun room of a newly restored dependency of the mansion</p><br>
<p>Claymont Bedrooms.jpgA dependency of the mansion, which was converted into a dormitory for retreat guests</p><br>
<p>Claymont Butterfly.jpgButterfly on the estate grounds</p><br>
<p>Claymont Help Stairs.jpgA secret, small staircase winds from the kitchen to an upstairs parlor. It was used by the Claymont staff.</p><br>
<p>Claymont Library.jpgLibrary</p><br>
<p>Claymont Parlor.jpgParlor</p><br>
<p>Claymont Retrofit.jpgA dependency of the mansion with newly restored brick, support beams, and retrofitted with electricity</p><br>
<p>Claymont Kitchen.jpgThe mansion has a fully operational, industrial-grade kitchen located in the basement. The original kitchen, where the 1838 fire was thought to have started, has been converted to use as a pantry and washroom.</p><br>
<p>Claymont Mansion w Dependency.jpgThe mansion shown with dependency to the left</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<p>Cedar Lawn, also known as Berry Hill and Poplar Hill, is one of several houses built near Charles Town, West Virginia for members of the Washington family. Cedar Lawn was built in 1825 for John Thornton Augustine Washington, George Washingtons grand-nephew. The property was originally part of the Harewood estate belonging to Samuel Washington. The property that eventually became Cedar Lawn was left to Samuels son, Thornton Washington, who built "Berry Hill", named for his wife&#39;s family. Berry Hill was destroyed by fire, and John Thornton Augustine built Cedar Lawn when he inherited.</p><br>
<p>In the 1940s, the house was bought by R.J. Funkhouser, an industrialist who had a taste for Washington family estates, who also owned Blakeley and Claymont Court. The property remains in the Funkhouser family and is known as OSullivan Farms, after Funkhousers principal venture, the O&#39;Sullivan Corporation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cedar Lawn was built shortly after Claymont Court, using a plan and elevations similar to Hazelfield, adapted with a hipped roof. The two story three bay brick house is set on a raised basement. A Greek Revival front porch was added later in the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Harewood is one of several houses in the vicinity of Charles Town, West Virginia built for members of the Washington family.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed by John Ariss for Samuel Washington in 1770, using a center-hall, single-pile plan. The two-story limestone house has a raised basement and flanking stone wings. Exterior details are simple, with only a modillioned cornice at the eaves of the shallow hipped roof. The interior is detailed in the manner of the Tidewater-region houses that Washington and Arris were familiar with. Interior detailing is extensive with Doric pilasters in the main downstairs rooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Samuel Washington moved to Harewood from his farm on Chotank Creek in Stafford County, Virginia to Harewood, accumulating 3,800 acre by the time he died in 1781.</p><br>
<p>George Washington visited the house several times, and its interior features a marble fireplace reportedly given to George Washington by the Marquis de Lafayette.</p><br>
<p>After Samuel Washingtons death, it was inherited by his son George Steptoe Washington, whose sister-in-law Dolley Payne Todd married future President James Madison in the house on September 15, 1794. Another of Samuels sons, Thornton Washington, built Cedar Lawn nearby. During the American Civil War, James Taylor (who accompanied Union troops in the area) sketched it and noted the luxury of its interior compared with the relatively plain late Georgian style exterior. During the 1930s, photographs of the interior were taken by the Historic American Buildings Survey.</p><br>
<h2>Present status</h2><br>
<p>The oldest surviving Washington family house in Jefferson County also is the only one still owned by members of the extended Washington family. Modern archeological excavations of a graveyard at Harewood noted that some remains were moved to the graveyard of Zion Episcopal Church in Charles Town in 1882, and have identified the remains of Lucy Payne (wife of George Steptoe Washington) and two of Samuel Washington&#39;s grandsons.</p><br>
<p>The Amos Block is a Romanesque Revival building located on the southwest corner of Clinton Square in Downtown Syracuse, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The buildings developer and namesake, Jacob Amos, served as mayor of Syracuse from 1892 to 1896. Originally, the Erie Canal ran directly behind the Amos Block, and goods were loaded and unloaded from the buildings upper levels onto the Canal, while the first floor on the West Water St side contained a retail grocer. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the Amos Block was renovated, and was renamed "The Amos." The building continued to serve as a multi-purpose structure, with retail (including, once again, a grocery store) on the first floor, and residential apartments on the upper floors.</p><br>
<p>A sports pub opened in the building in 2011.</p><br>
<p>A $3.7 million, four-story addition was built in 2016, with 19 apartments in the top three stories and retail space at street level.</p><br>
<p>A 1,250-square-foot ice cream parlor opened on the first floor in 2018.</p><br>
<p>The New Holland Machine Company was founded in 1895, when a young man by the name of Abram Zimmerman purchased a horse barn in New Holland, Pennsylvania, and established a blacksmith shop.</p><br>
<p>Zimmerman was the third of seven children born to the Martin W. and Anna (Martin) Zimmerman. The Zimmermans were a very conservative Mennonite family. Abram Zimmerman was a mechanical genius who brought his talents to bear in the new blacksmith business as he began repairing and making farm machinery for the local farmers.</p><br>
<h2>Historic building</h2><br>
<p>The New Holland Machine Company building located at 146 E. Franklin St. in New Holland, was built in eight sections between 1903 and 1952. It is a two-story, irregularly shaped, evolutionary industrial brick building. The facility closed in 1992.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Otto and Columbus engines</h2><br>
<p>Abram Zimmerman began retailing the German Otto four-cycle engine as part of his new business. The Otto was a single-cylinder dual flywheel stationary engine which was manufactured in Philadelphia. After a short while of selling the Otto, Abe Zimmerman switched to selling another single-cylinder dual-flywheel stationary engine called the Columbus. Retailing these engines added income to the Zimmerman blacksmith shop. By 1896, the Zimmerman blacksmith was employing three employees. However, Zimmerman&#39;s innovative nature soon had developed a "better idea".</p><br>
<h2>"Freeze-proof" engine</h2><br>
<p>Zimmerman thought that he could build and manufacture his own stationary engine which would be lighter in weight and would be easier to repair and operate. By 1900, he had designed his own stationary engine and built prototypes of the engine.</p><br>
<h3>Water cooling</h3><br>
<p>Like most stationary engines of the time, Zimmerman&#39;s new engine was water-cooled - a jacket around the cylinder was filled with water to keep the engine cool while the engine was in use. Generally, the water evaporated as the engine was operated and more water had to be added to the water jacket of the typical engine throughout the day.</p><br>
<h3>Risk of freezing</h3><br>
<p>In the wintertime, the water jacket had to be drained of water when the farmer was through working with the engine. If not drained, the water would freeze in the water jacket, the ice would expand when freezing and this expansion would crack the cast iron engine.</p><br>
<h3>Zimmerman&#39;s solution</h3><br>
<p>One of the innovations incorporated into Zimmermans new engine was the fact that the water jacket was shaped like a bowl and was larger at the top than at the bottom. If water were left in the bowl-shaped water jacket of this new engine during a cold winters night, the ice could expand harmlessly upwards and outwards without cracking the castings of the cylinder or engine. Thus, because of this bowl-shaped water jacket, Zimmerman&#39;s new engine was "freeze-proof."</p><br>
<h2>Incorporation</h2><br>
<p>With prototypes of his new engine completed, Zimmerman, now wished to manufacture and sell his new engine. To do this he needed to incorporate and take on some new investors. Accordingly, Zimmerman raised $50,000 by selling 500 shares in the new company to his neighbors. Thus, in 1903, the New Holland Machine Company was born.</p><br>
<p>Zimmerman was selected chief executive of the new company. With this new capital, the company acquired a brick factory on Franklin Street in the city of New Holland and hired on 40 employees to mass-produce the new stationary engine.</p><br>
<h2>Engine range</h2><br>
<p>Eventually, six different horsepower (hp) models of the New Holland stationary engine were mass-produced by the New Holland Company. These six models started with the little ½ hp engine and ranged upwards to a 5 hp model. The most popular seller among the line of stationary engines offered by New Holland was the 5 hp model. By 1911, sales of the 5 hp model New Holland stationary engine were up more than 253% over sales of the same engine in 1904.</p><br>
<p>1/2HP, 1 1/2HP, 2HP, 3HP, 4HP, 5HP</p><br>
<h2>Expansion</h2><br>
<p>Success attended the company from the very beginning. In its first annual report dated March 29, 1904, the company was able to report profits of $1,859.40 following its very first year of incorporation. Success in selling the stationary engines, led the New Holland Machine Company to expand into the manufacture of other farm machine products.</p><br>
<h3>Feed grinder</h3><br>
<p>As early as November 1899, even before the company had been incorporated, Abe Zimmerman&#39;s blacksmith shop had been advertising a feed grinder of his own design. This "feed and cob mill" had a capacity of 10 to 30 bushels of feed per hour and was being offered to the farming public for $15.00.</p><br>
<p>Later, after incorporation, the New Holland Machine Company sold these feed grinders with the option of being mounted on a wooden or steel truck and also with the option of having one of the four larger New Holland engines (4 hp through the 16 hp models) mounted on the truck together with the feed grinder. In this way the feed grinder and engine would form a single unit which could easily be moved around the farm.</p><br>
<h3>Rock crusher and wood saw</h3><br>
<p>Following incorporation, other machines had been added to the line of New Holland machinery. In 1912, the company began manufacturing its own rock crusher and, by 1914, the New Holland Machine Company had also added a wood saw to its line of farm machinery. By 1911, the company had 150 employees. By 1927, the number of employees at the company had risen to 225.</p><br>
<h2>Sale to Sperry</h2><br>
<p>The New Holland Machine Company was purchased by the Sperry Corporation in 1947, to form Sperry-New Holland. For the subsequent history see New Holland Agriculture.</p><br>
<p>University and Villard Halls, University of Oregon are historic academic buildings on the campus the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Built in 1876 and 1886 respectively, they are among the oldest surviving academic buildings on the west coast of the United States, and are noted for their Second Empire architecture. They were designated a National Historic Landmarks as a pair in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Both buildings were extensively altered in the 20th century, with University Hall&#39;s interior entirely gutted in 1914.</p><br>
<h2>University Hall</h2><br>
<p>University Hall is a three-story brick building, with a mansard roof and mansarded corner towers. Its windows have rounded tops with keystones in the Italianate style, and there are rows of dentil brickwork above the second and third floors. The main cornice is studded with modillions, and the mansard roof is lined with gabled dormers. The hall was built in 1873-76 to a design by William Piper. For ten years, it was the school&#39;s only building.</p><br>
<p>Formerly known as Deady Hall, on June 24, 2020, after pressure from student-led groups, the University of Oregons Board of Trustees announced that the name "Deady" would be removed as the name of the hall until a date when a new name can be chosen. In the interim, the hall has been named University Hall. Its previous name was named for Matthew Deady, Oregons first federal judge. Prior to the name change, UO President Michael Schill sent a letter to the Board of Trustees recommending renaming Deady Hall because of Deady&#39;s racist views.</p><br>
<h2>Villard Hall</h2><br>
<p>Villard Hall, built in 1886, is a more elaborate expression of Second Empire architecture. Also built out of brick, it is finished with a stucco material, and looks more like it is made of stone. It also has a mansard roof and corner towers, whose roofs are capped by iron cresting. Although its design borrows from the vocabulary used in the older building, it is considerably richer. Windows on its upper level are set in round-top openings, with flanking pilasters both within and part of the surrounding frame. The building was designed by Warren H. Williams, and is named for railroad baron Henry Villard.</p><br>
<p>Lucky Hit is one of the oldest brick houses in southwestern Clarke County, Virginia. The double-pile , central hallway house was built by Colonel Richard Kidder Meade around 1791, and was named by Meade in his belief that he had made a fortunate choice in his property. He previously resided at the log house Meadea. who were raised on this plantation established plantations nearby; many of the historic houses remain today. This property stayed in the Meade family until 1869.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Ripon Lodge, located near the village of Rippon, West Virginia, was built in 1833 by Henry S. Turner on his "Wheatland" estate. The next year his son, William F. Turner, inherited Ripon Lodge. The house is a two-story T-shaped stone building with a detached -story stone summer kitchen. The interior contains an elegant half-spiral curving stairway to the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The Lodge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Piedmont Number One is a former textile plant and former National Historic Landmark in Piedmont, Greenville County, South Carolina. It burned in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Piedmont Manufacturing Company</h2><br>
<p>The Piedmont Manufacturing Company was established by Henry Pinckney Hammett in 1873. Over the next few years, it constructed a textile mill and village at Garrison Shoals on the Saluda River at the present location of Piedmont. Piedmont Number One, which opened in 1876, was a four-story brick factory with an L-shaped floor plan. Powered by a water wheel, it had 5,000 spindles and 112 looms. The building was designed by A. D. Lockwood & Company, consulting engineers of Providence, Rhode Island. Piedmont Number One was enlarged in 1880 and again in 1900. In 1888, Piedmont Number Two, was built on the west bank of the Saluda River in Anderson County. In 1892, the mills operated 47,000 spindles and 1,300 looms.</p><br>
<p>Because the mill was built where the water power was available, the Piedmont mill village was constructed for its employees. The village included houses for its employees, schools, churches, and other buildings. The village houses and stores were sold to private owners in the 1950s. By 1977, Piedmont Number One was no longer manufacturing textiles.</p><br>
<p>In recognition of its role in the Southern textile industry, Piedmont Number One was designated a National Historic Landmark on June 2, 1978. Because of significant modifications to its building, Piedmont Number Two was not also designated.</p><br>
<p>A fire in October 1983 destroyed much of Piedmont Number One. The ruins were demolished. Its National Historic Landmark and National Register of Historic Places designations were deleted on March 5, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Photographs</h2><br>
<p>Photographs of the mill, village, and community can be viewed in the Greenville County Library System digital collections.</p><br>
<p>Elmwood is a Federal style house near Shepherdstown, West Virginia. Located on land claimed in 1732 by Edward Lucas II, it was built in 1797 by his son, Edward Lucas III. During the Civil War the house was used as a field hospital. It remained in the Lucas family until 1948.</p><br>
<p>The brick house is two stories over a raised basement, with a center-hall arrangement on both levels. The brick on the side and rear elevations has glazed headers. The house is unusual in the location of a side door in the dining room on the gable end. A portico with a new entry door was added in the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>South Park Lofts, located in downtown Los Angeles, was built in 1924 as an eight-story parking garage. It was one of America&#39;s first parking structures, and is one of the few parking garages listed in the National Register of Historic Places, having received the distinction in 2004. The building has been converted to lofts and is now known as "South Park Lofts." As "Building at 816 Grand Avenue", it is one of more than ten buildings designed by Claud Beelman listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>One of L.A.&#39;s first parking garages</h2><br>
<p>As the automobile took on a more prominent role in Los Angeles, traffic and parking became major problems for downtown businesses. In 1923, the Downtown Business Mens Association and Mayor George Cryer began advocating the construction of parking structures. Businessman Ken Stoakes took up the challenge and built an eight-story, 85,000 ft&sup2; parking garage on Grand Avenue. Stoakes hired one of the citys most prominent architects, Claud Beelman. Beelman and Stoakes sought to create a structure that had continuity with the office buildings, hotels and department stores that lined Grand Avenue. Accordingly, Beelman designed a Beaux Arts edifice with windows and decorative details typical of other commercial buildings of the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Stoakes&#39; garage opened to much fanfare in 1924. Stoakes promoted the safety and security of his "fireproof garage". In an interview with the Los Angeles Times during the 1925 holiday shopping season, Stoakes said: "Parking along the curb downtown is bad enough at best. With the frantic attempt of thousands of Christmas shoppers to squeeze in the already available jammed parking space, it is almost suicidal to the appearance of any respectable-looking car".</p><br>
<p>Through the 1920s and 1930s, the garage was used by Bullocks department store, with uniformed attendants picking up and dropping off shoppers cars. Shoppers could park two hours for free at Stoakes&#39; structure with a $1 purchase at Bullocks.</p><br>
<h2>Conversion to other uses</h2><br>
<p>The structure was purchased by Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. in 1950. Used initially for employee parking, it was later converted to use for storage and offices. The building subsequently went through several changes of ownership and was used for many years as an office building.</p><br>
<p>The building was acquired by Martin Building Co. in 2002 and converted into 49 upscale lofts at a cost of $10 million. The key to the adaptive use of the building was in its unusually narrow lot and design. Many older parking structures were built with ramps and sloped floors. Stoakes&#39; garage, on the other hand, was situated on a narrow lot that left no room for ramps. Accordingly, Beelman designed the garage around a huge freight elevator that could lift two cars at once. When the building became lofts, the rooftop housing for the elevator motor was converted into a small gymnasium for residents.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>In August 2004, the California Historic Resources Commission granted historic landmark status to the building. Eight months later, it was recognized by the United States Department of the Interior as "one of America&#39;s first parking structures to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places". It is one of more than ten buildings designed by Claud Beelman listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Altona, near Charles Town, West Virginia, is a historic farm with an extensive set of subsidiary buildings. The original Federal style plantation house was built in 1793 by Revolutionary War officer Abraham Davenport on land purchased from Charles Washington. The house was expanded by Abraham&#39;s son, Colonel Braxton Davenport. During the Civil War the farm was a favored encampment. Generals Philip Sheridan and Ulysses S. Grant both used the house as a headquarters and meeting place.</p><br>
<p>The farm was sold out of the Davenport family in 1906, but repurchased in 1936. In the interim, a Sears, Roebuck house was added to the property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Major Abraham Davenport, Sr.s 1793 house was a wood-frame structure built on land purchased from Charles Washington, adjoining several Washington family homes, including Blakeley, Claymont Court and Harewood. Davenport became a Jefferson County magistrate in 1801, and was sheriff in 1803. His son, Colonel Braxton Davenport took over the farm in 1830. Col. Davenport added the present brick front to the original house, as well as the impressive stone fence that lines the road between Charles Town and Middleway. The house was named at this time for Mrs. Davenports family home in Germany.</p><br>
<p>Colonel Davenport, who had served in the USA Army during the War of 1812, followed his father as Jefferson County magistrate, and arraigned John Brown in his court in 1859. Braxton Davenport was also a Virginia state legislator, serving four terms.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, Altona became a favorite headquarters for Union and Confederate forces. The front drawing rooms were used for conferences, and Sheridan used the farm&#39;s horses and carriage. Altona was therefore saved from the destruction that overtook other nearby estates. Altona served as a refuge when nearby Locust Hill was the scene of fighting and destroyed.</p><br>
<p>Colonel Davenports son, Henry Bedinger Davenport had served as a lieutenant of militia in the company that captured John Brown. He served in a similar unit in the Confederate Army. Henry continued to operate the farm after his fathers death and extended the stone fence. He died in 1901. The family sold the farm in 1906. Between 1906 and the re-purchase of the property by Henry Davenport, Jr. the barn was doubled in size and a Sears, Roebuck house was built on the property next to the mansion house. The house remains in the Davenport family.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Main house</h3><br>
<p>The main house is a two-story five-bay brick house, painted white on a local limestone foundation, with a hipped slate roof. The roof was raised in 1936 and dormers were added. Paired chimneys rise on the east and west sides. The weatherboard 1793 house remains as the rear portion of the main house, but was clad in brick in 1936. The 1936 renovation also added formal entry porches on the south and east sides. Windows are typically six-over-six double-hung sashes with brick flat arches.</p><br>
<p>The interior is oriented around a center hall leading to the kitchen at the rear. The hall is entered through the south porch door, which is topped by a leaded glass fanlight. Two symmetrical living rooms flank the hall at the front. The 1793 portion of the house contains a reception room and a dining room. The second floor is arranged in the same manner as the first, with rooms, doors and fireplaces in the same locations. The main stair continues to the attic. The basement contains a similar room arrangement to the first floor, with fireplaces in the rooms.</p><br>
<h3>Bank barn</h3><br>
<p>The 198 ft long bank barn is built on a cut local limestone foundation, with weatherboard forebay and upper level. Two large square cupolas are placed over old and new sections of the barn. The original brick gable of the old barn remains in the interior where the old and new sections join. Stalls are found in the old section, while the newer section is a large loafing shed.</p><br>
<h3>Sears Roebuck house</h3><br>
<p>The Sears house to the west of the main house is an American Foursquare, listed in the Sears catalog as "Dream House." The two-story hipped-roof house stands on a local limestone foundation. A plaque in one of the brick piers at the front reads "Dream House 1920."</p><br>
<h3>Garage/Guest house</h3><br>
<p>The 1936 garage is a two stories, with a basement. A 1967 addition added expanded guest quarters and altered the interiors."</p><br>
<h3>Accessory structures</h3><br>
<p>Other structures on the property include a late 19th-century limestone outhouse, early 19th-century frame slave quarters, a late 19th-century brick smokehouse, and two mid-19th-century corncribs. Several other buildings and structures contribute to the ensemble."</p><br>
<p>The South Street Historic District is a historic district on South Street from Main Street to Warren Avenue in Brockton, Massachusetts. South Street was a fashionable residential address from about 1850 to 1915, and includes a cross-section of residential architectural styles, with the Colonial Revival predominating. The district includes two church buildings: the South Congregational Church, built in 1854 and demolished in the early 1990s to make way for a Walgreens pharmacy, and the South Street Methodist Church, an 1880 building which has been converted to residential use.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Central Fire Station is a historic fire station on 40 Pleasant Street in Brockton, Massachusetts. Built in 1884–85, the three-story brick mansard-roofed Second Empire building included several "firsts". It was the first brick firehouse in the city, and it was the nation&#39;s first firehouse to be electrified, receiving its power via an underground cable from a nearby power plant that had been built under the supervision of Thomas Alva Edison.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Station 1 houses 4 fire apparatus, the Deputy Chief&#39;s command car, The Rescue, Squad A, and Ladder 1.</p><br>
<p>The Curtis Building is a historic commercial building in Brockton, Massachusetts, US. The three-story brick building was built in 1870, and is a fine local example of Romanesque styling. It features panel brick pilasters on the corners, and panel brick decoration in the cornices. Its window bays , consist of paired windows separated by brick piers; the third floor windows are set in double round-arch openings.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>D.W. Field Park is a municipal park managed by the parks department of the city of Brockton, Massachusetts. The park consists of 650 acre of fields, woodlands, and water bodies in northern Brockton and southern Avon, Massachusetts. It was created in 1925 as a bequest from Brockton businessman Daniel W. Field. Its landscape is dominated by a chain of seven water bodies, all but one of which are man-made, impounding Beaver Brook. The oldest of them, Cross Pond, was created in the 1790s; these lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, were, with one exception, created before the park was laid out, and served either agricultural or industrial purposes. Waldo Lake was created in the 1930s as part of the park&#39;s design.</p><br>
<p>Access to the park&#39;s interior is via a narrow road 6 mi long that winds through the grounds, providing access to its major features. This circuit road is accessible from the surrounding public roadways at a number of points, with gates built from locally gathered fieldstone. There is no formalized network of pedestrian paths. As a result, activities tend to be concentrated at the places where there are parking facilities, resulting in some environmental and scenic degradation.</p><br>
<p>The parks most prominent landmark is a fieldstone observation tower, built at the parks high point, known as Indian Cave Hill or Tower Hill. It was built in 1928 from fieldstones gathered from the park grounds. Inside 90 steps, approximately 18 per landing, lead to an observation deck with a visage as far as Blue Hills in all directions. The park is open everyday dawn til dusk; the tower is officially open 1 day a year during Towerfest, early October, Columbus Day weekend.</p><br>
<p>At the foot of Tower Hill is a concrete pad, in which are embedded Daniel Field&#39;s handprints and footprints, and the inscription "Please Enjoy, Do Not Destroy D.W. Field Park." The other major structure in the park is the gatehouse of the Brockton Reservoir, which was built in the 1880s. The park also includes an eighteen-hole golf course.</p><br>
<p>The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Old Post Office Building is a historic building in Brockton, Massachusetts. The two story brick Colonial Revival-style post office was built in 1898 and expanded in 1932. It was designed under the auspices of the federal government&#39;s supervising architect, James Knox Taylor, as a copy of Independence Hall in Philadelphia. The building was renovated in 1977 and became home of the Brockton Public Schools central administration offices.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Moses Packard House is a historic house located at 647 Main Street in Brockton, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a first floor finished in rusticated stone. The house has a variety of gables, projections, and porches, typical of the Queen Anne style, including a three-story turret capped by a conical roof. It was built in 1897 by Moses Packard, a prominent local shoemaker, and is one of the city&#39;s finest examples of Queen Anne architecture.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The house now serves as the Dahlborg-MacNevin Funeral Home.</p><br>
<p>The Gardner J. Kingman House is a historic house located at 309 Main Street in Brockton, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1886 to a design by the locally prominent architect Wesley Lyng Minor, this three story house was the first brick residence built in the city, and is one of its finest. It has Queen Anne styling, with a variety of projections, decorations, and gables, including its main front gable, which has a large terra cotta floral-patterned panel. The building was commissioned by Gardner Kingman, a businessman prominent in civic affairs and in the city&#39;s dominant shoe industry; it has served as a funeral home for many years.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 25, 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Goldthwaite Block is a historic commercial building on 99-103 Main Street in Brockton, Massachusetts. Built in 1892, it forms part of one of the city&#39;s best-preserved assemblages of 19th-century commercial architecture, alongside the Lyman Block and Howard Block. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Goldthwaite Block is located in downtown Brockton, across Main Street from City Hall, and immediately adjacent to the Howard Block and Curtis Building, both of which it shares party walls with. It is a four-story masonry structure, built out of brick and stone. It is three bays wide, with projecting window bays on the upper floors of the two side bays, and decorative terra cotta between and above the windows of the center section. The projecting bays are clad in copper, and some of the terra cotta panels are carved with the building&#39;s name and construction date. The ground floor commercial storefronts, originally two, have been modernized and converted into a single storefront. The upper floors, also originally part of the retail space, have been converted into elderly housing.</p><br>
<p>The block was built in 1892 for Charles Goldthwaite, a local apothecary. The business had been established by Goldthwaites uncle in 1861 as a dry goods business, which the uncle expanded after Charles completed pharmacy training in 1884. That business became Brocktons first drug store. The businesss success enabled Goldthwaite to build what was considered at the time a relatively opulent building to house it. It continued in business until Goldthwaites death in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The Forest Avenue School is a historic one-room schoolhouse in Brockton, Massachusetts. The school, originally located on Forest Avenue, was built in 1875 and operated until 1963. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a single classroom on the first floor, and an open play area on the second. The building was moved to the  new Brockton High School grounds, on Concord Avenue , in 1969. It currently serves as the Little Red Schoolhouse Museum with exhibits of local history.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin Block is a historic commercial building in Brockton, Massachusetts. The three-story brick Romanesque Revival-style building was built in 1888. Its construction marked the high point in the economic recovery of the city&#39;s Campello neighborhood, which had been devastated by fire in 1853, and is one of two 19th-century buildings in the area. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Franklin Block is set at the northeast corner of Main and Perkins Street in the citys Campello neighborhood, a secondary area of industrial and commercial development south of the citys downtown. The building is a four-story L-shaped brick structure with Romanesque Revival styling, and an angled section at the corner. Its two street-facing elevations have storefronts on the ground floor, defined by plate glass windows and entrances demarcated by fluted pilasters. The upper floor bays are demarcated in groups by tall brick pilasters. The second floor has rectangular sash windows with transoms, with sills set in a sandstone string course. Raised brick panels separate the second and third floors. The third floor windows have round-arch transoms, and are set in openings with sandstone keystones. Its historic uses are as retail space on the ground floor, office space on the second, and a meeting hall on the upper levels, used by lodges, fraternal societies, and community organizations.</p><br>
<p>The city of Brockton developed economically in the 19th century as a major center of the shoemaking industry. Its development was strung along Main Street, which paralleled the railroad tracks through the city. The Campello section south of the downtown was part of this boom in the mid-19th century, but was devastated by a major fire in 1853. It recovered due in part to the city&#39;s continued prosperity, and this building was built in 1888. The only other surviving 19th-century building in the area is the 1871 Kingman Block at 1147 Main Street.</p><br>
<p>The Lyman Block is a historic commercial building at 83-91 Main Street in Brockton, Massachusetts. Built in 1876 for a local business group, it is a fine local example of Italianate style, and one of the elements of a group of four well-preserved 19th-century commercial buildings in the city. The block was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Lyman Block is located in downtown Brockton, across Main Street from City Hall, and immediately adjacent to the similar Howard Block. It is a four-story structure, built out of load-bearing brick and covered by a flat roof. It has granite corner quoining, and brownstone window lintels with keystones and shoulders. The main facade is crowned by a bracketed cornice. Most of the windows are sash, with doubled windows in the center bay, where the main entrance was originally located. The ground floor has modernized storefronts, and the entrance to the upper levels is now located on the Legion Parkway facade.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 1876 for Lyman Clark, a local businessman and real estate developer, and a consortium of other local businessmen. They were owners of Howard Clark & Co., a local manufacturer of furniture and funerary caskets, which was one of the building&#39;s early ground-floor tenants. The upper floors were originally populated with professional offices, but there was a transition in the 20th century to light manufacturing operations. The building has now been converted into elderly housing. Along with the Howard Block, Goldthwaite Block, and Curtis Building, it forms one of the few surviving pockets of 19th-century commercial streetscape in the city.</p><br>
<p>The Howard Block is a historic commercial building at 93–97 Main Street in Brockton, Massachusetts. Built in 1876, it forms , an important nexus of commercial development of the post-Civil War era in Brockton. The block listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Howard Block is located in downtown Brockton, across Main Street from City Hall, and immediately adjacent to the similar Lyman Block. It is a four-story structure, built out of load-bearing brick and covered by a flat roof. It has granite corner quoining, and brownstone window lintels with keystones and shoulders. The main facade is crowned by a bracketed cornice. Most of the windows are sash, with doubled windows in the center bay.</p><br>
<p>The block was built in 1876, during a period of prosperity driven by the success of Brocktons shoe industry in the years after the American Civil War. It was built by the owners of Howard, Clark & Co., a manufacturer of furniture and funerary caskets. The same owners also built the Lyman Block in the same year, and it is in that building where they located their business, while this edifice was built as a speculative venture and leased to other businesses. The building is named for a member of one of Brocktons oldest families, and originally housed facilities for the local chapter of the International Order of Odd Fellows on the top floor. At some point in the early 20th century, the central bays were of the main facade were removed and replaced by a glass curtain wall; this change was reversed to some degree in when the building was adapted for senior housing in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Beverley, also known as Bullskin, is a farm near Charles Town, West Virginia that has been a working agricultural unit since 1750. The narrow lane that leads from USA Route 340 to the Beverley complex was, in the 18th and 19th centuries a toll road. The main house was built about 1800 by Beverley Whiting on the site of a c. 1760 stone house. The house is Georgian influenced Federal style, with a later Greek Revival portico. A number of outbuildings dating to the original 1760 house accompany the main house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original land was purchased from Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron in 1750 by Richard Stephenson. During the course of the next decade, Stephenson constructed a stone residence, two stone outbuildings, and other farm-related structures and put into operation the farming business that still operates here today. It is not known exactly when the two extant stone structures were constructed, but they were certainly standing by 1760. The surviving outbuildings are among the oldest buildings in West Virginia. The west outbuilding served as a school for a time during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The east outbuilding was used as a kitchen. Due to their age, these stone outbuildings are individually listed as Jefferson County Historic Landmarks.</p><br>
<p>Richard Stephenson was the father of seven children, two of whom rose to prominence in the Revolutionary War. Colonel John Stephenson served with noted distinction, but it was his brother, Colonel Hugh Stephenson who is better remembered. He had served previously in the French and Indian Wars and in Lord Dunmores War. In 1775, he was recommended by George Washington to command one of the two Virginia rifle companies. Colonel Hugh Stephenson led the famous Bee Line March that left from Morgan Springs (near Shepherdstown) on July 16, 1775, and marched to Cambridge, Massachusetts to join the Continental Army, covering 600 miles in 24 days. Colonel Stephensons half-brother, Colonel William Crawford, who also lived at what is now known as Beverley for a time, was also a noted Revolutionary soldier who was burned at the stake by Indians in 1782. George Washington was friends with Richard Stephenson and notes in his journal that he stayed at Bullskin with Richard during a visit to his own property in the area in May 1760.George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741-1799: The Diaries of George Washington.</p><br>
<p>The Diaries of George Washington. Vol. I. 1748-65. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976.image 334, George Washington performed the survey of the property for Richard Stephenson around 1750 which still survives to this day and is publicly displayed in the Boston Public Library.</p><br>
<p>The property passed by purchase from the Stephenson family to Dr. John Bull in 1777, and then to Beverley Whiting, in 1795. Beverley Whiting was a leading planter and man of affairs in post-Revolutionary Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, as evidenced by the fact that he served on the first grand jury empaneled in the newly formed Jefferson County, being sworn in on March 9, 1802. Around 1845 the name of the property was changed from "Bullskin" to "Beverley". Around 1870 the property was sold to John Burns, and the property has remained in the Burns family ever since.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Beverley has a double-pile center hall plan. The two-story brick house is set on a raised stone basement. It was altered in the nineteenth century and expanded.</p><br>
<p>Belvedere, also known as Belvidere, was built near Charles Town, West Virginia by Magnus Tate II in 1807. The Federal style mansion is situated at the end of a tree-lined driveway and commands a sweeping view of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The house grew from the original "kitchen house" section to a formal three-bay brick main house built in 1824 by Magnus&#39;s son WIlliam, which were separate until they were connected in 1939.</p><br>
<p>The site was inhabited by the Tate family from the 1760s. Magnus Tate II (1732-1808) was a founder of Charles Town. His four sons were all born at Belvedere. Magnus Tate III (1767-1823) served in the Virginia Assembly before serving from 1815 to 1817 in the USA House of Representatives. Belvedere passed to William Tate (1776-1818), and then to his son, George Tate II. The house passed out of the Tate family in 1882.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The two-story brick house is one room deep with a center hall the depth of the house. A three-part central window on the second floor complements the sidelights and transom at the front door below. A small entrance porch with paired columns is original to the house. The end of the older section flanking the 1824 house features a rosette window at attic level and a side door with a transom and sidelights, both in the gable elevation.</p><br>
<p>The Hibernian Hall is a historic building at 182-186 Dudley Street in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The four story brick building was designed by Edward Thomas Patrick Graham, and built in 1913 for the Ancient Order of Hibernians, an Irish Catholic fraternal organization. It was the first of several Hibernian halls to be built in Roxbury, it is now one of only two Irish dance halls from the period to survive. Its ground floor was originally occupied by storefronts, with offices of the organization and a banquet hall on the second floor, and a large hall  on the third floor, which included a fourth-floor balcony. It remained a gathering place for local Irish residents through the 1960s, and was taken by foreclosure in 1960. It was then taken over by a non-profit focused on job training for local African Americans, which operated there until 1989. The building interior has suffered due to neglect and vandalism, but the basic form of the upper concert hall has survived.</p><br>
<p>Madison Park Development Corporation obtained the building in 2005, renovated and reopened it in 2005. The grand ballroom, which sits 250 people, serves the community as the Roxbury Center for Arts at Hibernian Hall, a venue for theater, concerts, dances, visual art fairs, film screenings, and private parties. The performance space is used by a variety of Boston-area groups, including Praxis Stage, Celebrity Series of Boston Neighborhood Arts,</p><br>
<p>The hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Glenburnie is an historic farm complex located between Shepherdstown, West Virginia and Shenandoah Junction, West Virginia. The house was built by James Glenn in 1802, completing the barn two years later.</p><br>
<p>The two-story center hall brick house has two rooms on one side of the hall, and one the full depth of the house on the other. The house is set on a rubble stone foundation. Unusually, it has north-facing windows on the gable end occupied by the large room. A -story kitchen was added in the 19th century. Three porches are also additions.</p><br>
<p>The stone bank barn is a major notable structure, built of the same stone rubble as the house&#39;s foundation.</p><br>
<p>Elmwood-on-the-Opequon is a farmstead near Kearneysville, West Virginia. The farm complex exemplifies the evolution of a prosperous West Virginia farmstead through the 19th and 20th centuries. The house has expanded around an original log cabin, gradually expanding with major expansions in the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The main house began in 1830 as a log house, evolving through additions to a rambling stuccoed farmhouse. The 1830 log cabin was a 1-story or -story single-pen structure. This was raised to two stories with a two-story wood-frame addition, with the original chimney becoming an interior chimney. In 1906, the house was greatly expanded by a two-story addition, built at a 90-degree angle to the original house, and incorporating an earlier free-standing log kitchen. The addition is five bays wide on the lower level and four bays wide on the upper. The original part of the house has two rooms upstairs and downstairs with a side passage hall. The addition has three rooms downstairs and two upstairs, with a double-run stair. A wide porch is located on the main elevation and the north side.</p><br>
<p>The property includes a number of outbuildings and dependencies. A barn and a corn crib were built about 1906. The barn&#39;s interior is finished with beaded wood. A stuccoed log smokehouse with a pyramidal roof and a stone springhouse date to the 1830s. A small gazebo-like pavilion with a pyramidal roof acts as a wellhouse. An early 20th-century icehouse has been converted to a garage.</p><br>
<p>Elmwood-on-the-Opequon was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The West Canfield Historic District is a neighborhood historic district located primarily on Canfield Avenue between Second and Third Streets in Detroit, Michigan. A boundary increase enlarged the district to include buildings on Third Avenue between Canfield and Calumet. The district was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1970 Nearby, East Canfield Avenue leads to the Detroit Medical Center complex, the Romanesque Revival styled St. Josaphat&#39;s Catholic Church, and the Gothic revival styled Sweetest Heart of Mary Catholic Church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area around the West Canfield Historic District was once owned by Lewis Cass, an early governor of Michigan. When he died in 1866, his two daughters inherited his holdings. Three years later, they divided the property, with Casss daughter Mary receiving the portion where the West Canfield Historic District is now located. Marys husband was Captain August Canfield, a graduate of West Point and a major investor in the construction of the ship canal at Sault Ste. Marie. In 1871, Mary Cass Canfield subdivided her land, naming Canfield Avenue in honor of her husband.</p><br>
<p>The street was populated by prosperous attorneys, physicians, dentists, architects, and other professionals. Construction continued into the 1880s. The street remained a prime residential location in Detroit for decades. In the 1930s, the Great Depression led to a decline in the neighborhood. In the 1960s, the neighborhood was revitalized and the historic streetscape was restored. New residents have continued to maintain and revitalize the vibrant Midtown neighborhood in the 21st century.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1870s, numerous brick Queen Anne homes were constructed along Canfield, on spacious lots with generous setbacks.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1980s, the street was narrowed and returned to its original 1870s design with granite pavers, reproduction street lamps were installed, trees were planted, and grassy medians were added. In 1970, the District received state and local historical designation, the first district so recognized in the city. The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places the following year. In 1997, District was expanded to include three buildings on Third Street: one additional Queen Anne style residence and two Victorian commercial buildings. In the new millennium, the vibrant neighborhood has experienced many renovations.</p><br>
<p>The Warren–Prentis Historic District is a historic district in Detroit, Michigan, including the east–west streets of Prentis, Forest, Hancock, and the south side of Warren, running from Woodward Avenue on the east to Third Avenue on the west. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The district includes residential, commercial, institutional, religious and other buildings, and the majority of the pre-1930s building stock remains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land included in the Warren–Prentis Historic District was originally the Park Lots, the Cass Farm, and the Jones/Crane Farm; these parcels were subdivided in the late 19th century. Due in part to the large lot sizes and the streetcar lines along Woodward and Third, the district became popular with upper-class Detroit businessmen and professionals moving away from downtown. A number of these citizens moved into the area in the period between 1880 and 1895, commissioning residences.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1880s, apartment living became more popular, and the construction of duplexes and small apartments increased while the construction of single-family homes dropped off. Commercial development in the area increased in the early 20th century, peaking in the years between World War I and the Great Depression.</p><br>
<p>The area declined during the Depression, as the larger single-family homes became too costly to keep up. These homes were divided into rental units, and the area was fully utilized during the boom years of World War II. The area again began declining after the war, but in the 1990s signs of revival have been evident, as the nearby Wayne State University and the Detroit Medical Center draw people to the area.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>There are 108 individual historic structures in the Warren–Prentis Historic District. These include some buildings of individual historical significance:</p><br>
<p>Perry McAdow House (4605 Cass Avenue, at Prentis)</p><br>
<p>William C. Boydell House (4614 Cass Avenue, at Prentis)</p><br>
<p>Thompson Home (4756 Cass Avenue, at Hancock)</p><br>
<p>George W. Loomer House (71 W. Hancock Avenue)</p><br>
<p>Mulford T. Hunter House (77 W. Hancock Avenue)</p><br>
<p>Mackenzie House (4735 Cass Avenue)</p><br>
<p>Hilberry Theatre (4743 Cass Avenue, at Hancock)</p><br>
<p>Central High School (Old Main) (4841 Cass Avenue, at Hancock)</p><br>
<p>Lummis House, also known as El Alisal, is a Rustic American Craftsman stone house built by Charles Fletcher Lummis in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Located on the edge of Arroyo Seco in northeast Los Angeles, California, the house&#39;s name means "alder grove" in Spanish.</p><br>
<p>The property is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument and on the list of the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lummis purchased the 3 acre sometime between 1895 and 1897 and named it "El Alisal" in tribute to the thicket of alder and sycamore trees that grew in the arroyo. The 4,000 ft&sup2; took 13 years to build. The exhibition hall has a concrete floor so that after a party that might include artists, writers and musicians, it could easily be cleaned with a bucket of water. Notable people who stayed in his guest houses included Clarence Darrow, Will Rogers, John Philip Sousa and John Muir. The property was on the edge of the scenic Arroyo Seco and Lummis founded the Arroyo Seco Foundation in 1905 to promote recreational use and preserving habitat. In 1939, strong consideration was given to creating a theater and Spanish supper room at El Alisal since this was Lummis&#39; wish. In 1940 the Arroyo Seco Parkway, the first freeway, was built between the house and the newly constructed flood control channel in the arroyo.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, it became the headquarters for the Historical Society of Southern California and the house was opened to the public. By 2014, the city was concerned that visiting hours were too limited and that the historical group was not truly focused on a partnership with the Parks and Recreation Department. The Historical Society was concerned about the city&#39;s expectations that a tenant would invest in the house without committing to a long-term lease. The Historical Society of Southern California left the Lummis House in January 2015. The Lummis House is now operated by the City of Los Angeles Recreation and Parks Department.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Lummis House is operated by the city of Los Angeles as a historic house museum. The exterior of the house is built of river rock and originally contained a stone tower, but that was later demolished. The interior contains some of Lummis&#39;s collection of artifacts, as well as copies of many of his books. The museum is open to the public for tours.</p><br>
<p>The drought-tolerant and California native plants predominate in the gardens and natural landscape around the residence, including namesake El Alisal California Sycamore trees.</p><br>
<h2>California Historical Landmark Marker</h2><br>
<p>California Historical Landmark Marker NO. 531 at the site reads:</p><br>
<p>NO. 531 LUMMIS HOME - This building was constructed by Charles F. Lummis (1859-1928), author, editor, poet, athlete, librarian, historian, archeologist, etc. He selected this site in 1895 chiefly because of a mammoth, ancient sycamore (El Alisal) which has since died and been replaced by four saplings.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Company Historic District consists of the historic right-of-way of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad  in the Bitterroot Mountains from East Portal, Montana , to the mouth of Loop Creek, Idaho , a distance of 14.5 mi. The district was once part of the railroad&#39;s mainline from Chicago, Illinois to Tacoma, Washington.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Milwaukee Road was the United States&#39; last transcontinental railroad. The Milwaukee Road felt that in order to compete with the Northern Pacific Railroad and the Great Northern Railway, it had to construct a rail line from the Midwest to the Pacific Coast. In 1906, construction commenced on the "Pacific Extension". It roughly paralleled the two earlier railroads. The route was surveyed in 1906. The railroad decided to cross the Bitterroot Mountains at St. Paul Pass. This pass was chosen because of the stands of marketable white pine timber and also because there was no other competing railroad nearby. From the pass the railroad followed the St. Joe River to Avery, Idaho.</p><br>
<p>The construction of this segment of the Pacific Extension was the most expensive, due to the remote location and rugged terrain. The railroad built 14 tunnels and 26 bridges. The tunnel at St. Paul Pass was 8,771 ft long.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1914, the railroad electrified its mountain segments. Substations for electric power were built at East Portal and at Avery. Catenary lines were placed over the tracks. In 1974, the railroad ceased electric operations.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the railroad went bankrupt and embargoed its line west of Miles City, Montana. The right-of-way in Idaho was sold off. In 1985, the US Government purchased the portion from Avery to East Portal. From Avery to Loop Creek, the Forest Service built an access road. The portion from Loop Creek to East Portal was made into a bike trail, known as the Route of the Hiawatha Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>The right-of-way still retains its setting and integrity; the bridges and tunnels are still standing. In places the poles that supported the overhead wires are still in place, as are flanger signs. In addition, the district may be able to help archaeologists learn more about the early construction of the railroad and the crews that did the work. For these reasons, the 14.5 mi of the Milwaukee Road&#39;s Pacific Extension through the Bitterroot Mountains were listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Willis–Selden Historic District is a historic district located in Detroit, Michigan, consisting of three streets: Willis, Alexandrine, and Selden, Running from Woodward Avenue on the east to Third Avenue on the west. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land forming the Willis–Selden Historic District was originally the Park Lots, the Cass Farm, and the</p><br>
<p>Jones/Crane Farm. These parcels were subdivided in the late 1800s. Due in part to the growth of Detroit during the 1860s and generous lot sizes, the Willis–Selden District became a popular area for development, particularly for the relatively wealthy professional class.</p><br>
<p>In the early twentieth century, the district became home to auto industry suppliers, once again due to its location</p><br>
<p>and large lots. Forty-one percent of commercial buildings in the district built between 1910 and 1930 were auto-related. In addition, large, high-density apartments were constructed to meet the demands of the huge influx of auto workers into Detroit. However, the Great Depression had a marked impact on the industry and on the Willis–Selden Historic District, sending it into decline.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Of the buildings located within the district, a number a historically significant in their own right. These include:</p><br>
<p>Detroit-Columbia Central Office Building (52 Selden)</p><br>
<p>Cass Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church (3901 Cass Avenue, at Selden)</p><br>
<p>Coronado Apartments (3751-73 Second Avenue, at Selden)</p><br>
<p>Stuber-Stone Building (4221-4229 Cass Avenue, at Willis)</p><br>
<p>Detroit Edison Company Willis Avenue Station (50 W. Willis)</p><br>
<p>The Center Village District encompasses the historic village center of Lancaster, Massachusetts. Settled in 1643, it has few traces of its early history, but is now a well-kept rural town center with a predominantly residential and civic character. It includes the First Church of Christ, Lancaster, which is a USA National Historic Landmark, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Lancaster, the oldest in Worcester County, was settled in 1643 as a trading post, and was incorporated in 1653. Its town center occupies a north-south ridge east and north of a bend in the Nashua River, which serves as the historic district boundary on those sides. The center is roughly linear in shape, extending along Main Street (Massachusetts Route 70) for about 0.8 mi from its crossing of the river. Near the center of this area is the town common, which is laid out on the east side of Main Street, and is flanked on three sides by civic and religious buildings. The most prominent of these is the First Church of Christ, a masterpiece of neoclassical design by Charles Bulfinch that was completed in 1816. Adjacent to the church are a series of horse sheds. At the opposite end of the common is the town hall, a Colonial Revival work of Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow Jr. built in 1908. Between these on the east side of the common stand the Thayer Library, a Renaissance Revival building added in 1868, and the 1904 Classical Revival Center School.</p><br>
<p>Other public buildings are located in other portions of the district, which is now predominantly residential in character. Although no 17th-century buildings survive, there are a small number of 18th-century houses, and most of the others are from the 19th century. Almost all of these are of wood frame construction and 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 stories in height, giving the district a unifying character. Prominent among these is the Joseph Andrews House (1830), which has a large two-story Greek Revival temple front.</p><br>
<p>The Milton Hill Historic District is a historic district in Milton, Massachusetts. Extending mainly along Adams Street across the top of Milton Hill, it encompasses a residential area of high-style homes dating from the 18th to early 20th centuries. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Milton was settled by English colonists in 1634 as part of Dorchester, and was separately incorporated in 1662. Adams Street, the main thoroughfare on Milton Hill, was originally a native footpath, and became the main colonial route between Boston and Plymouth. Milton Village, set between Milton Hill and the Neponset River, developed as the town&#39;s principal commercial center, and the hill eventually became a residential area serving it.</p><br>
<p>The Milton Hill area first became prominent in the 1740s as the estate of Thomas Hutchinson, a prominent politician whose actions as Acting Governor and Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay heightened tensions leading to the American Revolutionary War. He left the province in 1774, and his estate was eventually confiscated by the state. In the 19th century his estate and other properties on the hill developed as fashionable residential area of the town, with fine views to Boston from the hills summit area. Important buildings in the district include the Captain Robert Bennet Forbes House, a National Historic Landmark, and the Dr. Amos Holbrook House, both separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Governor Hutchinsons Ha-ha, a sunken stone wall section, is the only built remnant of Hutchinsons estate, although Governor Hutchinsons Field preserves part of his estate as open space for passive recreation.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Amos Holbrook House is a historic house at 203 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts. It was built about 1800 by Dr. Amos Holbrook, a pioneer in the propagation of smallpox inoculations as a means of improving public health. The house has retained many interior finish details from the Federal period, including unique trompe-l&#39;œil frescoes. Holbrook was a pioneer in the field of public health, advocating for small pox inoculations. The house listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and was included in the Milton Hill Historic District in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Holbrook House occupies a prominent property on the south side of Adams Street at the summit of Milton Hill, on 5 acre that was formerly part of the estate of colonial governor Thomas Hutchinson (and is across the street from Governor Hutchinson&#39;s Field). The house is a two-story brick structure, five bays wide and three deep, with a clapboarded exterior and hip roof. The roof is pierced by symmetrically placed chimneys, and dormers are set on the sides of the roof. The main entrance is at the center of the main facade, sheltered by a later Victorian porch with Doric columns and balustrade. The interior halls and dining room retain early 19th-century frescoes that are believed to have been executed by Italian craftsmen.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1800 by Dr. Amos Holbrook, a prominent local physician. Holbrook provided medical services during the American Revolutionary War, and advocated in the town for inoculation against smallpox. His success in this endeavor prompted the state to adopt wider-ranging public health measures advocating the practice.</p><br>
<p>The house was acquired in 1973 by the museum owners of the nearby Captain Robert Bennet Forbes House to prevent the property from being redeveloped. It has since been returned to private residential use.</p><br>
<p>Eugene W. Britt House is a three-story, red-brick Georgian Revival-Colonial Revival mansion built in 1910 in the West Adams district of Los Angeles, California. In 1984, it was converted into a sports museum housing the collection of the Helms Athletic Foundation. Since 1986, it has been the headquarters of the LA84 Foundation and the site of the LA84 Foundation Sports Library — the world&#39;s premier sports library.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed by architect Alfred Faist Rosenheim and built in 1910 for attorney Eugene W. Britt.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1970s, the owner obtained a demolition permit for the house, but the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission stepped in, designating the house and gardens as a Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM #197) on August 23, 1978. The house was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 1979. However, in September 1980, the owner of the house petitioned the Los Angeles City Council to remove its designation as a historic monument, arguing that a purchaser could not be found willing to buy subject to the historic restrictions. The City Council voted 12–1 to remove the historic monument designation.</p><br>
<h2>Sports museum</h2><br>
<p>The house was saved in the early 1980s through the efforts of Peter Ueberroth, president of the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee, and his wife, Ginny Ueberroth. Fifty years earlier, Los Angeles businessman, Paul Helms, had begun building a large collection of rare sports memorabilia (part of the Helms Athletic Foundation) that was displayed over the years at a downtown Los Angeles office building and later at the Helms Bakery in Culver City. In 1970, when Helms Bakery went out of business, United Savings & Loan took over sponsorship of the collection, but the bank&#39;s successor dropped its sponsorship in 1981. At that time, the collection was moved to a warehouse and plans were made to break up the collection. Peter and Ginny Ueberroth stepped in to keep the collection intact, funding the foundation out of their own pockets until First Interstate Bank agreed in 1982 to act as the sponsor.</p><br>
<p>Ueberroth and First Interstate acquired the Britt House as a home for the collection. The house had deteriorated and was renovated at a cost of $2 million. In 1984, the Britt House opened to the public as a sports museum in time for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games which opened at the nearby Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The collection displayed at the Britt House had 50,000 items, including a bat used by Ty Cobb, boxing gloves used by Jack Dempsey, baseball uniforms of Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig, bronzed track shoes used by Jesse Owens, size 24 shoes worn by boxer Primo Carnera, and the World Trophy—a trophy granted to the worlds most outstanding amateur athlete starting in 1896. Fitting with the citys hosting of the Olympic games, the collection also included gold, silver and bronze medals dating back to 1896, a collection of Olympic relay torches, and the wreath placed on the head of Ralph Craig (gold medalist in the 100 and 200 metres) at the 1912 Summer Olympics.</p><br>
<h2>LA84 Foundation</h2><br>
<p>Britt House now serves as the headquarters of the LA84 Foundation. First Interstate and Ueberroth donated the Helms collection and the Britt House and grounds to the LA84 Foundation in the summer of 1985. The LA84 Foundation is a private nonprofit institution endowed with surplus funds from the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games. Its mission is to serve youth through sport and to increase knowledge of sport and its impact on people&#39;s lives.</p><br>
<p>The 10,000 ft&sup2; Paul Ziffren Sports Resource Center was built on the Britt House grounds and dedicated in 1988. The Ziffren Center houses the LA84 Foundation Sports Library—the largest sports research library in North America and considered "the premier sports library in the world." It is a state-of-the-art research facility dedicated to the advancement of sports knowledge and scholarship. It includes approximately 40,000 printed volumes, 6,000 microform volumes, 7,000 videos, 400 periodical titles, and 90,000 photo images. Highlights of the collection include the official report of every modern Olympic Games, dozens of Olympian oral histories, the Avery Brundage Collection on microfilm, complete video sets of television coverage of the Olympic Games since 1988, minutes of early International Olympic Committee meetings, and bid documents of cities seeking to host the Olympic Games.</p><br>
<p>The Foundation also maintains a sizable collection of historic sport art and artifacts much of which was inherited from the former Helms Foundation. Among the items still on display at Britt House is the World Trophy.</p><br>
<p>Morgan&#39;s Grove is a rural historic district near Shepherdstown, West Virginia. The area is noted for its abundant springs. Several historic houses and farms are in the district, including:</p><br>
<p>Old Stone House and springhouse, c. 1734, belonged to the original settler and family patriarch, Richard Morgan.</p><br>
<p>Rosebrake, or Poplar Grove, built in 1745, with dependencies including a barn and outbuildings</p><br>
<p>Falling Spring, c. 1831–1837, with dependencies. The nearby woods were a Civil War encampment. Belonged to Jacob Morgan and his son William.</p><br>
<p>Springdale c. 1760, home of Richard Morgan&#39;s son William, and dependencies. "Morgan Fort" was located on this property.</p><br>
<p>Fountain Rock in Morgan&#39;s Grove Park with the foundations of the Fountain Rock house, burned in 1864 by Federal troops.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>Richard Morgan (ca. 1700–1763) bought lands in 1730 that included much of present-day Shepherdstown. In 1734 he received one of the first grants of 500 acre from Lord Fairfax, selling some land to Thomas Shepherd, who founded Shepherdstown. During the French and Indian Wars, Morgan was active in raising troops from the area.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War, local men began drilling in Shepherdstown, and two companies of riflemen were organized in July 1775 at the request of the Continental Congress. By this time, William Morgan was a colonel in the Continental Army, and, under Morgans command, the troops began the Bee-Line March on July 17, 1775, marching from Morgans Grove to Boston in 24 days, covering 600 mi. The troops joined George Washington&#39;s forces on August 11, 1775, and were the first units from the South to join the fight.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>During the Civil War a number of Confederate and Federal units camped in the area, including General John B. Gordon and General George Armstrong Custer in the Valley Campaigns of 1864. About this time, Fountain Rock, which was then owned by Confederate Colonel Alexander Boteler, was burned by Federal troops under General David Hunter.</p><br>
<p>By the late 19th century the area was used as a fairground, with its own siding off the Shenandoah Valley Railroad. The Fountain Rock property was purchased by the Morgan&#39;s Grove Agricultural Association in 1889. In 1900 William Jennings Bryan, then candidate for President, gave a speech to a crowd estimated at 15,000. Fairs were held until 1931, when the land was sold and the structures were torn down.</p><br>
<p>A portion of the site is now a county park.</p><br>
<p>Falling Spring at Morgan&#39;s Grove is part of a related complex of buildings and lands associated with the Morgan family and other prominent members of the Shepherdstown, West Virginia, community.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Falling Spring was completed by 1837 as a large, house and farm complex. The property was first settled by Richard Morgan, who noted several springs on the property, including "Bubbling Spring" and "Morgans Spring", the starting point of the 1775 Bee-Line March. The house was built by Jacob Morgan, Richards grandson, who was a successful merchant who lived and worked in Alexandria, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Richard&#39;s son William inherited the property in 1855. William Morgan became a Confederate officer with the start of the American Civil War, serving with Generals J.E.B. Stuart and Turner Ashby.</p><br>
<p>Falling Spring was sold in 1904 to Dr. M.H. Crawford, who added two more columns to the portico. The design may have been undertaken by Winchester, Virginia, architect Stuart H. Edmonds, who had worked at Shepherd College and Bellevue. The Crawfords also added a Japanese garden to the property.</p><br>
<p>The property and surrounding land, was granted to the Morgan family by Lord Fairfax.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The three-story double-pile house is three bays wide with a center hall, resting on a very high raised basement. The end walls have parapets above the roofline, incorporating prominent double chimneys on either end. The house is limestone faced with stucco. Large porticoes were added on either main elevation around 1900.</p><br>
<p>The Morgan-Bedinger-Dandridge House — first known as Poplar Grove, then Rosebrake or Rose Brake — is part of a group of structures affiliated with the Morgan&#39;s Grove rural historic district near Shepherdstown, West Virginia. The property was known as "Poplar Grove" until 1877.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original building on the site was built around 1745 by settler Richard Morgan (ca. 1700–1763) and became known as the "Back Building". In 1803 the house was expanded by Daniel Morgan with a two-story brick structure, known as the "Great House". Formal gardens were added at this time.</p><br>
<p>In 1859 the present main portion of the house was built by Caroline Bedinger, widow of Henry Bedinger. During her ownership the house was occupied by Colonel Alexander R. Boteler, a former USA Representative who, at the outbreak of the American Civil War became a Confederate officer. After the war, while Boteler was living at Poplar Grove, President USA Grant appointed Boteler to the U. S. Centennial Commission.</p><br>
<p>Caroline&#39;s daughter, Danske Bedinger Dandridge, a noted poet, changed the name of the house to "Rosebrake" (sometimes spelled "Rose Brake") in 1877.</p><br>
<p>A portico was added to the house in 1950, removed from a house on Long Island and shipped to West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Woodbury or Woodberry, is a historic mansion located near Leetown, Jefferson County, West Virginia. It was built in 1834-1835 for the jurist and Congressman Henry St. George Tucker, Sr. . Tucker lived at Woodbury from its construction until 1844.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Woodbury is stories tall and is built of stone, faced with white plaster in a Regency period style. At 10,000 ft&sup2; and 22 rooms, it is an unusually large house. The front facade features a flat-roofed center portico supported by four plain columns in front and two engaged columns in the rear. The five-bay elevation is raised above a particularly high raised basement. The end elevations have prominent stepped parapets incorporating the chimneys. The interior plan features a long transverse hall with a curved stairway at one end. A false window was provided at the right side of the first floor to deal with the stair crossing the window. The basement has a dining room, an unusual feature, and the attic was finished when built. A formal porch with paired columns is located on the entrance side, approached by a broad stairway. On the rear a porch extends across most of the width of the house, with stairs at each end.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Woodlawn, also known as Wiltshire House or Wiltshire Farm, was built circa 1820, one of four homes within a two-mile radius by James Hurst, a significant landowner in Jefferson County. Hurst built the first three houses for his children on his "LaGrange" plantation around 1811, including "Snow Hill&#39;  and the Coyle House . Woodlawn was built for the adopted daughter of Samuel Davenport, whose married name was Camilla Wiltshire. All of these homes used salt-glazed brick, as did Elmwood and the Tate-Fairfax-Muse House.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson County Alms House, also known as Snow Hill Farm, located near Leetown, West Virginia, is an historic Federal style house. Snow Hill was built circa 1813 for John Hurst, son of James Hurst, a prosperous local landowner. In 1857, Snow Hill was purchased from the Hurst family for use as a farm for the local poor. By 1931 the Alms House  had declined to the point that it had become a local disgrace. Corrective measures were taken, and the Infirmary survived until 1959, when its last nine inmates were moved to other quarters.</p><br>
<p>The property now houses a number of County agencies.</p><br>
